It enables any user to come up with simple videos by mixing and matching video and audio effects as well as adding texts. Best of all, it does not require sophisticated skills. There is no need to acquire a license for it either. One reason is that it is accessible to those who use Windows since it is pre-installed on the machine. ![]() PROS: Windows Movie Maker is an excellent video editing software. The animation tab presents a spectrum of transitions which are smarter than what most are used to seeing. The solution also offers simple controls for fading in & out audio tracks, rotating clips, adding music, captions & end credits, and animated intro titles. The editing options are quite limited, but its collection of effects is attractive and are applied with a single click. There are also fade effects, contemporary themes, as well as sepia toning options for your convenience. Although this collection is nowhere near the one offered by premium options, the themes are presented in simple, good taste. Whether you are looking for a cinematic effect or are looking to make your video black and white, this platform has the tools that you need. In case you want to further enhance your film, the software also has a number of themes that you can choose from. The simplicity has always been its major trump card and a reason it’s liked by many. This makes the software one of the simplest to use to make amateur movies without a hassle. One likable facet is that most of the edits you make and effects you apply preview automatically when the mouse cursor is hovered over their buttons. The timeline features clips that are characterized by Long thumbnails and ease of use. The interface provides a simplified version of a standard video editor timeline. ![]() However, it offers an intuitive interface that is easy to navigate even for the novice editors. The software utilizes the most common workflow elements of the professional video editing systems. Although the program is offered for free and come standard on virtually every windows PC, it provides all the basic features for a perfect introduction. VEED is compatible with Windows 7 & 10, Mac, Linux, and mobile devices.Windows Video Maker is an easy-to-use solution ideal for beginners. No need to waste your time downloading clunky software, or “freeware”. Upload your file, in any format - MP4, MPEG, AVI, FLV, & many more - add whatever effects you like, and download edited video straight from your browser. No download needed - Simply open VEED in your browser, and start editing straight away. Create professional videos and become a video editing pro with only a few visits to the editor! Adding video effects is a nice way to update old content, repurpose for different social platforms, or just a super fun way to restyle your video. Mix and match different styles until you have a jaw-dropping video to share to your audience. You can add VHS filters, Glitch, Snow, Black & White, Filmic effects, and more! You can also add progress bars, emojis, special effects, and snappy titles to bring your videos to life! Use our free effects to tell your story and set the right mood. VEED is the only online video editor that lets you add real-time video effects. VEED is an online video editor packed with super-cool effects to make your videos stunning and eye-catching. ![]() Looking for an online video editor to spice up your videos? You’re at the right place.
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To wit- they contain four ceramic bloons, each of which contain two rainbow bloons, which were the highest Bloon rank in BTD4. Boss in Mook Clothing: M.O.A.B.s, natch.Boring but Practical: Banana Farms are expensive and don't attack Bloons, but they give you extra money, which you will need in later levels when the Bloons themselves earn you less money.Sun God Monkey? Meet BTD5's Sun God Monkey Temple. Beam Spam: Super Monkey? Meet Sun God Monkey. ![]() (And five Sun Gods will mow down just about anything the bloons can throw at you.) (And that's without the range powerups- counting those, the price goes up to $127,500.) Not exactly worth it when you could get five Sun Gods for the same price. It fires enormous beams calable of tearing anything less than a BFB to shreds, but it costs a whopping $125,000, since you have to buy laser, plasma, AND the Sun God to even access it. Awesome but Impractical: The Monkey God Temple in 5.Asteroids Monster: Several of the stronger bloons will unravel weaker ones when popped.Art Evolution: BTD2-BTD3 used the same art for Bloons introduced in previous games, but the shift to BTD4 improved the graphic, and the art drastically changed for BTD5.Area of Effect: The Tack Tower's specialty.Anti-Poopsocking: "Remember to occasionally take breaks and do non-BTD5 things.".Allegedly Free Game: The later versions are technically winnable without shelling out for all the various upgrades a player can buy (more lives or in-game money, faster shooters, etc.) but you have to get everything exactly right.The Adventure Continues: BTD4 and 5 allows you to keep playing in free mode after you beat the 50, 60, or 75 levels of bronze, silver, and gold gameplay respectively.The games provide examples of the following: This game was a spinoff of the lesser known Bloons (a series of aim-and-power-meter puzzle games with many player designed maps), but became so much more popular that this series got its own spinoff, Bloons Super Monkey (a top-down aerial shooter starring the titular monkey from the BTD series).Īll versions of the game can be played at NinjaKiwi's site and the original BTD(which is actually BTD3) and BTD4 are available on the iPhone. Though starting out with a simplified design palette, later editions of the game have evolved to include a great deal of complexity in both art and gameplay mechanics. All of the preceding is included absolutely nowhere in the game's design, and is merely a flavorful fantasy explaining why players seem to care so much about using monkeys to pop balloons.īloons Tower Defense (or BTD as it's abbreviated) is an ongoing Tower Defense series by NinjaKiwi where monkeys (and other weapons) are used to pop a seemingly endless line of overly determined balloons of varying shapes, sizes, and speed. No one knows how or why this epic war began, but both sides fight endlessly with ever greater wartime developments vying for domination of the world. PAGES WILL BE DELETED OTHERWISE IF THEY ARE MISSING BASIC MARKUP.īefore the rise of man brought the great rivalry between Pirate and Ninja, there was another natural feud between two animal species: Monkeys. ![]() DON'T MAKE PAGES MANUALLY UNLESS A TEMPLATE IS BROKEN, AND REPORT IT THAT IS THE CASE. THIS SHOULD BE WORKING NOW, REPORT ANY ISSUES TO Janna2000, SelfCloak or RRabbit42. The Trope workshop specific templates can then be removed and it will be regarded as a regular trope page after being moved to the Main namespace.
![]() ![]() On July 4, he hit his first (and only) major league home run in a game against Washington. Wera, a third baseman, spent the 1927 season with the Yankees as a backup. “He was a Catholic man, and so was I,” Wera said. “It was my aggressiveness that got me into the majors.”Īs a rookie, one of Wera’s jobs was to wake up Babe Ruth on Sunday mornings and get him to church. “I was small, but I hit the ball pretty good,” Wera, who was five feet, seven inches tall and weighed all of 155 pounds, later told the Post-Bulletin. The Yankees were a talented bunch, so it was a surprise when Wera made the 1927 team out of spring training. In 1926, his contract was purchased by the Yankees. He attracted the attention of scouts and made his professional debut in 1924 as a member of the St. It turned out he could play ball extremely well. Wera had started playing the game as a boy on the Gabrych Park diamond in his Winona neighborhood. Gehrig, in fact, was the son of German immigrants and grew up speaking German at home. The Major Leagues were filled with the sons of first- and second-generation newcomers. Hiring immediately, to apply text “CS” to 32543 OR visit the side, Wera played baseball, a game popular with the children of immigrants, in part because it allowed them to leave the old country behind. This position may be with any affiliate of C&S Wholesale Grocers. Essential functions and responsibilities may change as business needs require. This job advertisement describes the general nature and level of this position only. This Job advertisement does not constitute a promise or guarantee of employment. Qualified applicants without regard to race, color, creed, religion, ancestry, national origin, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, disability, veteran status, or any other protected factor under federal, state or local law. C&S and their Family of Companies are proud to be an Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action employer, and consider We keep our values alive through a culture that embraces differences and ensures that every person matters. Ability and willingness to follow all safety procedures and protocols Excellent verbal and written communication skills to effectively interact with people at all levels in the organization Strong team orientation and collaboration to work effectively in a team environment Ability to work with and through others to achieve desired results Electric Pallet Jack experience preferred At least six months of warehouse experience Perishable (Refrigerated) – about 28°- 60° Employee Discounts / Purchasing programs Benefits available from day 1 (medical, dental, vision, company matched 401k) Occasional safe lifting of varying case weight, shape, and height levels Maintaining records of overcharges and for damages to goods in transit Creating bills of lading, shipment reports, and processing incoming and outgoing shipment record Scanning or hand entering information into a computer Confirming information, provide product information, resolve problems, determine method of shipment and ship Monitoring pending shipments related to the shipping schedules of purchases issued and update the traffic record Ensuring accuracy of rate charges by verifying classification of materials with rate schedule Performing data entry, labeling, and filing, generate import files, assisting with the tracking and expediting ofįreight, and freight and broker invoice auditing Maintaining records on the destination, weight, and charges on all incoming and outgoing shipments Shift: 1st shift (Mon-Fri 5am-1:30pm) and 2nd shift (Mon-Fri 2:30pm-11pm) Text “CS” to 32543 to learn more about how you can become a part of our legacy. ![]() You’ll feel a sense of accomplishment in this role by multi-tasking and organizing assigned projects to make an impact. As a Warehouse Clerk, you’ll become a part of this mission by providing administrative support to our transportation team. Our focus is simple but meaningful, from our distribution centers to our offices - every employee of C&S and their family of companies works to help feed local families, neighbors, and communities. However, you might benefit from this tutorial even if you are creating a different kind of network, one formed, for example, by directed relationships in which people initiate contact with other people: say, a network of producers and sponsors and their relationships with artists in generating a series of music albums: your network may need to indicate who initiates contact with whom. I am concentrating my examples here on co-occurrence networks because I am most accustomed to thinking about these in working from XML markup. In a heavily footnoted epic poem that references a very wide range of geographic and mythological locations frequently, which places are mentioned together within each line group and its appended footnotes? (Which places are mentioned together in the same contexts, and what can we learn by looking at them as a network, connected by the structural units of a poem?) This is what I’ve been working on with my Thalaba project.Do co-occurring topics or motifs in a body of work form a network of contextually related ideas? How frequently do particular topics co-occur in the same context, and what contexts seem necessary to bring up particular motifs together? Here is an example of a topical network analysis graph based on co-occurrence patterns in an Obdurodon student group's study of Russian Rap.What if you are interested in studying networks made by co-occuring grammatical, linguistic, or phonetic patterns? Do repeating sound effects make a networked pattern that we can visualize and study? For example, Tom Lombardi demonstrates how network analysis can be used to graph rhyme patterns, working with Edgar Allan Poe's The Raven.Here’s how we’ve applied this question so far on the Digital Mitford Project. Consider networks based on who is being talked about (or "name-dropped") in a given context: Which people (or organizations, or other named entities) are mentioned together in the same blog posts, tweets, YouTube comment feeds, or chapters in an autobiography? For example, say you've been coding the people who are mentioned in a series of letters: Which people are most often mentioned together in the same letter across the body of letters? You might filter that to study which people turn up in the same letters together during an interesting span of the letter-writer's life. ![]() Here is a co-citation network analysis that is actually about the scholarly topic of social network analysis, based on bibliographies of 133 papers. Co-citation networks essentially plot such relationships when they map which authors are cited together most frequently in a scholarly journal's bibliographies.This graph uses color and texture to differentiate among time-periods and cultural origin. Which people show up together in the same contexts? Who shows up in the same place at the same time-say in the context of a club, or a chat room? Or where are the musicians performing: which venues host which musicians over a period of time? Here is Helena Bermúdez Sabel's social network graph of troubadours, showing which noble and royal courts hosted them over five periods in medieval Spain.Here are some examples of research topics that explore co-occurrence networks: This tutorial is designed especially for people working on humanities-based XML projects, and my examples will focus on humanities applications for network analysis with an emphasis on networks of co-occurence (networks of things that appear together in the same shared contexts), but those working on different kinds of research questions or not working with XML at all may find portions of this tutorial useful. Plotting a network model might help to predict the spread of a virus, or a breakdown in overloaded circuitry, or it might help to identify the most influential individuals in a royal court over two generations. If we can plot a readable model of a network, we can make it possible to locate individual points that are highly important and isolate areas that are vulnerable to influence. Networks are structures of linkages and interactions, and in studying them we attempt to organize relationships, considering how close or how distant particular points are from each other, or how centrally important something or someone is to a collective. What We Can Learn from Network Analysis and Networks of Co-Occurrence. ![]() However, its biggest handicap is that, despite being based on The Avengers, it has crashed in sales, according to its distributor Square-Enix. In our analysis we highlight the shortage of supervillains, who in the long run it becomes repetitive and that the campaign falls short. We want to clarify that this is a good game, and that its quality has not disappointed us … but perhaps we expected more. One of the cases that hurts us the most, and that is that Marvel’s Avengers had everything to succeed: a great license, the support of Marvel and Disney, the good work of Crystal Dynamics, and of course, a wave of iconic characters to face the supervillains and the threat of IMA. Discover the disappointment games of the year … The biggest disappointments of 2020 on PS5, Xbox Series X | S, Nintendo Switch, PS4, One and PC Marvel’s Avengers – PS4, Xbox One and PC In this report we will see The biggest video game disappointments in this year 2020 those chosen who had everything to succeed and have left us a little … half, and it hurts to say. * -> * / / * -> * / / * -> * / These are the best-selling PS4 controllers on Amazon In other cases, it is good titles but that have left us a bittersweet taste for certain reasons. PS4, for example, says goodbye with exclusives such as The Last of Us 2, Ghost of Tsushima or Final Fantasy VII Remake.īut, as the saying goes, ” one of lime and another of sand” Games like Godfall, who promised to be the one great PS5 standard bearer At their launch, they have not lived up to the high expectations placed on them, the same as Marvel’s Avengers. Nor can we complain, this 2020 has been a great year for videogames, placing the finishing touch to a generation of PS4 and Xbox One that has left us real jewels. Sometimes it happens that a game promises a lot and ends up crashing, whatever the reason. However, there is a middle ground: the disappointments. This year is coming to an end, and as is tradition, it’s time to balance the best and worst games. Find out which are the biggest disappointments of this 2020 … Titles like Crysis Remastered, Godfall, Marvel’s Avengers or the remake of XIII have not lived up to the high expectations placed on them, but there is more. Not everything was going to be good news, and this year 2020 has also brought us some great disappointments that we did not expect, either for one reason or another. Empire of Sin – PS4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch and PC.XIII Remake – PS4, Xbox One, PC and Nintendo Switch.Control Ultimate Edition – PS4, Xbox One, PC and Nintendo Switch.FIFA 21 Legacy Edition – Nintendo Switch. ![]() Super Mario 3D All-Stars – Nintendo Switch.Crysis Remastered – PS4, Xbox One, and PC.Marvel’s Avengers – PS4, Xbox One and PC.The biggest disappointments of 2020 on PS5, Xbox Series X | S, Nintendo Switch, PS4, One and PC.Hello, fellow readers! If you want to get in touch with us and participate in our discussion boards, make sure you visit our Forums. The Elder Scrolls VI – NOT CONFIRMED YETįor last, here is a list of all games available at launch.The Dark Pictures Anthology: House of Ashes. ![]()
![]() The latter is a great option for those with darker rooms.Īpple also lets you control the color temperature you’re comfortable with. Here, you can control the schedule night shift is on it can be toggled off entirely, set to “Sunset to Sunrise” which lets your Mac turn it on and off based on time of day and when it detects your sunset and sunrise are, or you can create a custom schedule. Select “System Preferences” from the drop down menu ![]() On your Mac, select the Apple logo on the top left of the menu bar Here’s how to activate night mode, and how to turn off blue light on Mac: When night mode is activated, the screen may look a touch yellow, an effect that is purposeful and a means to combat blue lights prevalent on bright screens. Staring at bright white lights at night causes unnecessary and unhealthy strain on your eyes. Night mode controls the light emanating from your screen, adjusting the level of blues that emanate when the system detects your environment is darker. Essentially, it inverts the light background and dark text scheme for a dark background with white text. Let’s first discuss the difference between dark mode and night mode.ĭark mode for Mac turns the background and interface for many native apps to a darker color scheme, usually with a black or very dark gray background. Here, we’ll discuss how Mac and MacBook night shift works, how to control night shift, how to set up a new wallpaper that’s night mode (and dark mode) friendly, and how to enable dark mode on some of your favorite apps. Many popular web apps like YouTube, Reddit, and Google Chrome now offer versions of Dark Mode, which all of us should use at night. So be careful trying to download third-party software with Mac blue light filters - better stick with the native Apple offering, which is actually pretty simple and effective. None of them are featured in the App Store though, as they breach Apple’s sandbox requirements. In the last few years, more and more Night Shift apps have flooded the market. In fact, Night Shift and Dark Mode are activated separately but could (and should) totally be used in tandem. ![]() Although Dark Mode is much easier on your eyes at night as well, it’s not a blue light filter for Mac. It’s different from the Dark Mode that was released with macOS Mojave. What Mac Night Shift does is it helps alleviate the strain on your eyes by reducing the time you look at bright screens when the environment around you is darker.īasically, Night Mode for Mac is like a blue light filter. One of the features users applauded with the introduction of macOS Sierra in 2016 was Night Shift for Mac. Juggle desktop backgrounds with Wallpaper Wizard app. ![]() but Spell Catcher (developer is at is hands down the best tool for this job (and many others). I was a TypeIt4Me user for many years, and I am a LaunchBar enthusiast now. There's an even better solution, I think. You have to get used to adding a slight (about 3 keystroke, in my case) pause for it to expand an abbrev, or it eats the keystrokes typed then. I once sent mail to my friend "Jan" addressed to "January" :-). The only drawbacks are that you have to be careful that you don't define an abbrev that's also something you might want to type, because you might miss it. The first saves me a keystroke for the second "l", a shift for the "I" and a pinky move for the dreaded "'". You can save a lot of time on contractions, too, if you define the right abbrevs: I have "il", "dont", and "theyre" defined to "I'll", "don't", and "they're", respectively. The more you have, the faster you can type. I have just under 500 abbrevs-anything I type repeatedly. ![]() It's also handy for common typos, like "adn" which I have set to autocorrect to "and". For example, typing "although" instead of "altho" would be a major pain. You very quickly become dependent on the abbrevs. T4M fills the gap (mostly), especially since version 2 came out, which lets you turn it off in some apps (like terminal). I rely heavily on abbreviations in emacs, and the lack of a similar feature systemwide was a serious bummer. TypeIt4Me (lets you define short abbreviationsįor things you type all the time. Note: 'Enable access for assistive devices' needs to be turned on in the Universal Access System Preferences panel in order for this to work. Here's my Address entry script: - Tom Robinsonproperty GlossaryEntry : "Tom Robinson" & return & ¬ "xx Garfield Street" & return & ¬ "Brooklyn" & return & ¬ "Wellington" & return & ¬ "Aotearoa New Zealand" & returnKeyIt(GlossaryEntry)on KeyIt(WhatToKey) tell application "System Events" set CharBuffer to "" repeat with i from 1 to number of characters in WhatToKey set ThisCharacter to character i of WhatToKey if ThisCharacter is "'" then keystroke CharBuffer set CharBuffer to "" keystroke "}" using option down else if ThisCharacter is "—" then keystroke CharBuffer set CharBuffer to "" keystroke "_" using option down else if ThisCharacter is "…" then keystroke CharBuffer set CharBuffer to "" keystroke " " using option down else if ThisCharacter is "–" then keystroke CharBuffer set CharBuffer to "" keystroke "-" using option down else set CharBuffer to CharBuffer & ThisCharacter end if end repeat if CharBuffer > "" then keystroke CharBuffer end tellend KeyItSpecial characters like ellipses and em-dashes were causing problems for keystroke, that's why they're special-cased above. To insert into an e-mail, just position the cursor at the appropriate point in the body of the message, and run the script from Mail's scripts menu. In my ~/Library -> Scripts -> Mail Scripts folder, I've created a Glossary folder, and in there, I have a number of these scripts (identical except for the GlossaryEntry property). You may find it useful too, or as the basis for a fully-fledged script. I've written a 'quick & dirty' AppleScript to do this for me. I have a number of pre-defined text strings I like to insert into e-mail messages-address, bank account, etc. ![]() Java is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates. For details, see the Google Developers Site Policies. Libwebp application programming interface.Įxcept as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License, and code samples are licensed under the Apache 2.0 License. Support to their applications, including browsers, image editing tools as wellĬonsult the API documentation for a description of The WebP team has provided an extensive API to allow developers to add WebP is a new image format and is natively supported in Google Chrome, Opera,Īpplications and libraries. Of the decoder and its command-line options. With the command: dwebp image.webp -o image.pngĬonsult the dwebp documentation for a description You can convert a WebP image file, say image.webp to a PNG image Use dwebp on the command line to convert WebP image files to the PNG or PPMįormat. Using dwebp to Convert Images from the WebP Format Of the encoder, its standard and advanced options. Of 80 with the command: cwebp -q 80 image.png -o image.webpĬonsult the cwebp documentation for a description You can convert a PNG image file to a WebP image with a quality range Use cwebp on the command line to convert PNG or JPEG image files to WebPįormat. Using cwebp to Convert Images to the WebP Format PleaseĬonsult the appropriate documentation if you'd like to add support for WebP to Converting a folder with WEBP files to MP4 is also. Another method is to press the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+V (+V on Mac) to paste a WEBP file you have copied to clipboard. You can also click to select WEBP files using your operating system's file picker. The libwebp codec includes an extensive encoder and decoder API. At the top of this page, drag and drop your WEBPs. This library uses precompiled executables of WebP(v1.1.0) for more info visit WebP. A small node.js library for converting any image to webp file format or converting webp image to any image file format. Upload your file or provide a link to an image and click. Thanks for all your support webp-converter v2.3.3. Showcase the available functionalities of WebP. This free online WebP converter lets you convert your images to the WebP format from Google. The encoder and decoder applications, cwebp and dwebp respectively, to We provide in the libwebp codec distribution a reference implementation for Image enthusiasts should use one of the many software products that ![]() Click on Repair and allow the process to complete.Select this entry and then click Uninstall/Repair and it will show options to Repair, Uninstall or Cancel.Locate Microsoft Visual C++ Runtime 2012 in the list of installed applications.Browse through the list and uninstall all Microsoft Visual C++ Runtimes except 20.Download a fresh copy of Microsoft Visual C++ Runtime from here and then install it.Select each entry and then click Uninstall.Locate the Microsoft Visual C++ programs in the list.Method 3: Reinstalling Visual C++ Runtime ![]() ^see link above. If the Method 1, and Method 2 troubleshooting fails you can try reinstalling the V C++ Runtime libraries. If none works, then Reinstall the Display Adapter from the Manufacturer’s site and disable updates from installing the driver automatically.Click Roll Back, test after each roll back to see which version works for you.Right Click your Display Adapter and Choose the Driver Tab. If you Reinstall the driver, Windows Update can reinstall it when it finds a newer verison of the Driver through Windows Update in which case, refer to “ “. Note: If you rollback the driver, then Windows will not reinstall it. You also need to make sure to Stop Windows from automatically updating drivers if this Method works. In this case, i would suggest Rolling Back to the previous version of Display Adapter and if no previous versions are available, then reinstalling an older version from last year to test. This method has worked for a number of people, since Runtime is needed by many other applications and Windows is heavily dependent on it and if it is only causing errors with one or two apps, then it is most likely an incompatiability issue. Method 2: Rollback / Reinstall Display Driver Choose Search Automatically for Updated Driver, if it says that the Best Drivers for your device are already installed then choose the second option Search for updated drivers on Windows Update and click check for updates, if the updates finds new drivers install them else move to Method 2.Locate Display Adapters and Right Click your Display Adapter.Hold the Windows Key and Press X and go to Device Manager.This issue is also carried over to Windows 10 Creators Update and many users are also getting the runtime errors on the Creators Update edition of Windows 10.ĭownload and run Restoro to scan for corrupt files from here, if files are found to be corrupt and missing repair them and then check if it fixes the issue, if not then proceed with Solutions listed below. To fix this issue, we’ll reinstall Visual C++ Runtime, run Windows updates, root out the culprit applications. When Windows Explorer is opened, a runtime error occured randomly. This issue is caused by a faulty Visual C++ Runtime Library or certain applications which use the Runtime. If you would like to be notified of upcoming drivers for Windows, please subscribe here.Some Windows 10 users and a few Windows 8 users have reported an error involving Microsoft Visual C ++ Runtime Library.Mosaic: Added reboot persistence, hotplug/unplug, and undock/dock support for notebook systems.Moved the Dynamic RGB Range controls from the Adjust Desktop Color Settings page to the Change Resolution page.12 bit per color component support over DisplayPortĪdded G-SYNC indicator and support for windowed mode.NVIDIA Control Panel->Display->Set up multiple displays->Smart clone display option. NVIDIA Control Panel: Added Tiled display support to Mosaic Pan and Scan with Confidence Monitor. ![]()
![]() We compared response patterns from our online sample with previous studies that had large samples of participants: Swaminathan et al. The goal of tests such as the MET is to measure musical ability in the absence of any formal training, and to do so objectively and quickly. As a broad phenotype, musical ability incorporates many other aspects of behavior (e.g., expert levels of performance, long-term memory for melodies) that are dependent on learning and practice. In other words, the tests rely on core musical skills, specifically auditory short-term (working) memory and perceptual discrimination. These older tests, as well as more recent tests of musical ability (Asztalos & Csapó, 2014 Fujii & Schlaug, 2013 Law & Zentner, 2012 Peretz et al., 2003, 2013 Ullén et al., 2014 Zentner & Strauss, 2017), all require same–different comparisons of two auditory events that differ in pitch (e.g., melody) or time (e.g., rhythm), or along other dimensions such as timbre and amplitude. Musical aptitude tests, dating back to the early twentieth century (Bentley, 1966 Gordon, 1965 Seashore, 1919 Seashore et al., 1960 Wing, 1962), were designed to identify whether musically untrained individuals (primarily children) are likely to benefit from music lessons, based on the view that people with little natural ability would be unlikely to benefit in this regard. It is designed in the tradition of musical aptitude (i.e., natural musical ability) tests, with two subtests, Melody and Rhythm, both of which require participants to determine, on multiple trials, whether two auditory sequences (a standard followed by a comparison) are identical. The MET is a listening test that has documented reliability and validity (Swaminathan et al., 2021 Wallentin et al., 2010a, 2010b). In the present investigation, we used the platform Gorilla ( Anwyl-Irvine et al., 2020) to create an online version of an objective measure of musical ability-the Musical Ear Test (MET). Finally, online experiments are not limited to the space and time constraints of a laboratory. Fifth, building an online experiment, recruiting participants, and collecting data can be more efficient in terms of time and costs, especially when responses are scored and recorded automatically on the hosting platform. Fourth, participants may feel more comfortable and act more naturally at home than when they come to a laboratory. Third, access to relatively rare target audiences, such as musicians, tends to be easier. Second, Internet samples can be more diverse and representative of the general population in terms of age, gender, and socioeconomic status, particularly when compared to samples comprised solely of college students registered in introductory psychology courses. First, data quality can be similar, in the sense that the findings are similar. ![]() In sum, online administration of the MET proved to be a reliable and valid way to measure musical ability.Īlthough there are legitimate concerns about online testing, such as lack of control over characteristics of the samples and testing contexts (e.g., Birnbaum, 2004 Krantz & Dalal, 2000), online studies have several features that make them equivalent or even superior to in-person testing (e.g., Casler et al., 2013 Dandurand et al., 2008 Gosling et al., 2004). ![]() ![]() For the final sample ( N = 608), findings were similar to those from in-person testing in many respects: (1) the internal reliability of the MET was maintained, (2) construct validity was confirmed by strong associations with Gold-MSI scores, (3) correlations with other measures (e.g., openness to experience, cognitive ability, mind-wandering) were as predicted, (4) mean levels of performance were similar for individuals with no music training, and (5) musical sophistication was a better predictor of performance on the Melody than on the Rhythm subtest. Approximately 20% of the participants were excluded for incomplete responding or failing to finish the testing session. The testing session also included the Goldsmiths Musical Sophistication Index (Gold-MSI), a test of general cognitive ability, and self-report questionnaires that measured basic demographics (age, education, gender), mind-wandering, and personality. Both subtests had 52 trials, each of which required participants to determine whether standard and comparison auditory sequences were identical. A sample of 754 participants was tested with an online version of the Musical Ear Test (MET), which had Melody and Rhythm subtests. We sought to determine whether an objective test of musical ability could be successfully administered online. |
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